1 概述

　　在我國(guo)(guo)新(xin)(xin)型電力(li)系統中，新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)裝機容量(liang)逐年提(ti)高，但是新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)比(bi)如光伏發(fa)(fa)電、風(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電是不穩定的(de)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)，所以要維(wei)持(chi)電網穩定，促(cu)進新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電的(de)消納(na)，儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)將成為(wei)至關重要的(de)一環，是分(fen)布式光伏、風(feng)電等新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)消納(na)以及電網安全(quan)的(de)必要保障，也是削峰填谷、平(ping)滑負荷的(de)有效手(shou)段。國(guo)(guo)家鼓勵(li)支持(chi)市場進行儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)項(xiang)目建設，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)多(duo)(duo)個省市出臺了(le)具體的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)補貼政(zheng)策，明確規定了(le)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)補貼標準(zhun)和(he)限額(e)。國(guo)(guo)內分(fen)時電價的(de)調整也增加了(le)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)項(xiang)目的(de)峰谷套(tao)利空(kong)間，多(duo)(duo)個省份每天可實(shi)現(xian)兩(liang)充兩(liang)放，大(da)大(da)縮(suo)短了(le)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)項(xiang)目的(de)投資(zi)回(hui)收(shou)期，這也讓儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)進入熱門賽道。

　　2 儲能電(dian)站盈利模式

　　據(ju)統計，2023年(nian)1-4月(yue)電化學儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)投運項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)共73個(ge)，裝(zhuang)機規(gui)(gui)模(mo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2.523GW/5.037GWh。其(qi)中(zhong)磷酸鐵(tie)鋰(li)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)高達69個(ge)，裝(zhuang)機規(gui)(gui)模(mo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)2.52GW/5.019GWh;液流電池(chi)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)共4個(ge)，裝(zhuang)機規(gui)(gui)模(mo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)3.1MW/18.1MWh。其(qi)中(zhong)華(hua)東、西北(bei)和(he)華(hua)北(bei)區域(yu)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)分列前(qian)三(san)，占(zhan)總規(gui)(gui)模(mo)的78.5%，分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)814.94MW、623.6MW以及541.55MW。華(hua)東區域(yu)1-4月(yue)投運儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)很(hen)大，達814.94MW/1514.2MWh，總數也很(hen)多，共26個(ge)。

　　從應用(yong)(yong)場(chang)景分布上看，“大(da)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)"依舊(jiu)占據至高(gao)地位，電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)側(ce)(ce)(ce)和(he)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)側(ce)(ce)(ce)項(xiang)目(mu)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能規(gui)(gui)模(mo)合計占比(bi)達98%，其中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)側(ce)(ce)(ce)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能項(xiang)目(mu)共(gong)投運(yun)(yun)24個(ge)(ge)(ge)，裝機(ji)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)為1542MW/2993MWh，包括7個(ge)(ge)(ge)集中(zhong)式共(gong)享儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能項(xiang)目(mu)。電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)側(ce)(ce)(ce)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能項(xiang)目(mu)共(gong)投運(yun)(yun)23個(ge)(ge)(ge)，裝機(ji)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)為922MW/1964.5MWh，其中(zhong)大(da)部分為新能源(yuan)側(ce)(ce)(ce)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能項(xiang)目(mu)，共(gong)19個(ge)(ge)(ge)，規(gui)(gui)模(mo)占電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)側(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)88%。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能項(xiang)目(mu)，雖然規(gui)(gui)模(mo)體量(liang)上不及“大(da)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)"，但各(ge)地電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)制改革后(hou)，尖峰(feng)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)提高(gao)，峰(feng)谷(gu)(gu)差(cha)價(jia)(jia)拉(la)大(da)，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本提高(gao)，給自身帶(dai)來了不小的(de)(de)(de)挑戰。用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)配儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)谷(gu)(gu)時(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)峰(feng)時(shi)放電(dian)(dian)，一(yi)方面(mian)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)緩解甚至解決尖峰(feng)購電(dian)(dian)壓力(li);另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian)，富(fu)余的(de)(de)(de)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能還可(ke)(ke)并網(wang)，作為用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)參(can)與電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)，利用(yong)(yong)峰(feng)谷(gu)(gu)差(cha)價(jia)(jia)實現獲利，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)值逐漸凸顯(xian)。1-4月(yue)份用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)項(xiang)目(mu)投運(yun)(yun)個(ge)(ge)(ge)數多達20個(ge)(ge)(ge)，隨著回(hui)報比(bi)率的(de)(de)(de)提升(sheng)，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)側(ce)(ce)(ce)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)能項(xiang)目(mu)會越(yue)來越(yue)多。

　　儲能在不同環(huan)節存在多種(zhong)盈利(li)模式(shi)，儲能盈利(li)模式(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)有以(yi)下幾種(zhong)：幫助(zhu)發、輸、配各(ge)環(huan)節電力運營商以(yi)及終(zhong)端(duan)用戶降本增效;延緩基礎設施投(tou)資;通過(guo)峰(feng)谷價差套利(li)、參與虛擬電廠需求響應(ying)等輔助(zhu)服務市場、容量租賃、電力現貨(huo)市場等方式(shi)。

　　電源側

　　電(dian)力調峰(feng)(feng)：通過儲(chu)能的(de)方式實現用(yong)(yong)電(dian)負荷(he)的(de)削峰(feng)(feng)填谷，即發電(dian)廠在(zai)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)負荷(he)低谷時段對(dui)電(dian)池充電(dian)，在(zai)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)負荷(he)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時段將(jiang)存儲(chu)的(de)電(dian)量釋放。

　　提(ti)供(gong)容量：通過(guo)儲能提(ti)供(gong)發電(dian)容量以(yi)應(ying)對發電(dian)尖峰(feng)負荷，提(ti)升傳統發電(dian)機組的(de)運行效率。

　　可(ke)再生能源并(bing)網：在風(feng)、光電(dian)站配置儲能，基于電(dian)站出力(li)預測(ce)和儲能充(chong)放電(dian)調度，對隨(sui)機性(xing)(xing)、間歇性(xing)(xing)和波(bo)動性(xing)(xing)的可(ke)再生能源發(fa)電(dian)出力(li)進行平滑控制，滿足(zu)并(bing)網要求(qiu)。

　　可(ke)再生能(neng)源發電調峰：將可(ke)再生能(neng)源的棄(qi)風棄(qi)光電量(liang)存(cun)儲后再移至(zhi)其(qi)他(ta)時段進(jin)行并網，提高可(ke)再生能(neng)源利用率。

　　調頻(pin)(pin)(pin)：頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)的變化(hua)會對發電(dian)及用(yong)電(dian)設備的安(an)全運(yun)行(xing)及壽命產生(sheng)影響，因(yin)此頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率(lv)調節至關重要。電(dian)化(hua)學儲能調頻(pin)(pin)(pin)速度快，可(ke)以靈活地在充放(fang)電(dian)狀態之間轉換，因(yin)而成為好的調頻(pin)(pin)(pin)資(zi)源(yuan)。

　　虛(xu)(xu)擬電(dian)廠：通過虛(xu)(xu)擬電(dian)廠的需求響(xiang)應(ying)為電(dian)網尖峰時段提供應(ying)急(ji)容量(liang)，針對突發情況時為保障電(dian)能(neng)質量(liang)和系統安全穩定運行而預留的有功功率儲備。

　　黑啟動：發生重大系(xi)統故障(zhang)或全系(xi)統范(fan)圍(wei)停電(dian)時(shi)，在沒有電(dian)網(wang)支持的(de)情況下重啟無自啟動能力的(de)發電(dian)機組，逐漸擴(kuo)大系(xi)統恢(hui)復范(fan)圍(wei)，實(shi)現整個系(xi)統的(de)恢(hui)復。

　　盈利(li)方式(shi)：提(ti)(ti)升發電(dian)效(xiao)率(lv)以增加(jia)收入;減(jian)少棄(qi)風(feng)棄(qi)光，提(ti)(ti)升發電(dian)效(xiao)率(lv);峰谷價差套利(li)。

　　電網側

　　緩(huan)解電(dian)網阻塞(sai)：將儲能(neng)系統安裝在線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上游，當發生線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)阻塞(sai)時可以將無(wu)法輸送(song)的(de)電(dian)能(neng)儲存到(dao)儲能(neng)設備(bei)中(zhong)，等到(dao)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)負荷(he)小于線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)容量時，儲能(neng)系統再向線(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)放電(dian)。

　　延緩輸配電設備擴容(rong)升級：在(zai)負荷接近(jin)設備容(rong)量的輸配電系(xi)統(tong)內，可(ke)以利用儲(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)通(tong)過較(jiao)小的裝機容(rong)量有效提高電網的輸配電能力(li)，從而(er)延緩新建輸配電設施(shi)，降低成本。

　　盈利方式：提升輸配電效率(lv)，延緩投資。

　　用戶側

　　容量(liang)管理：工業用戶可以(yi)利(li)用儲(chu)能系統在(zai)用電(dian)低(di)谷時(shi)儲(chu)能，在(zai)高峰負荷時(shi)放(fang)電(dian)，從而降低(di)整體負荷，達到降低(di)容量(liang)電(dian)費的目的。

　　容量租(zu)賃(lin)：儲能(neng)電(dian)站租(zu)賃(lin)給新能(neng)源(yuan)服務商(shang)，目(mu)前國(guo)內的儲能(neng)容量租(zu)賃(lin)費用(yong)范圍在250-350元(yuan)/kW·年，具體定價由儲能(neng)電(dian)站與新能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)站的項目(mu)收益相互協商(shang)，而后雙(shuang)方簽訂長期租(zu)賃(lin)協議。

　　電(dian)力自發自用(yong)(yong)：安裝光伏的家庭和工商業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)通過配置儲能(neng)可以更好地利用(yong)(yong)光伏電(dian)力，提高自發自用(yong)(yong)水平，降低(di)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)成本。

　　峰谷價(jia)差(cha)套利(li)：在實施(shi)峰谷電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場中，通過低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)時(shi)給(gei)儲能系(xi)統充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)時(shi)儲能系(xi)統放電(dian)(dian)(dian)，實現(xian)峰谷電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)差(cha)套利(li)，降低(di)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成本。

　　消(xiao)納綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)：當光(guang)伏(fu)、風力發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)可再(zai)生能(neng)源有富(fu)余時可儲存(cun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，促進綠(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)消(xiao)納。

　　盈(ying)利(li)方(fang)式：降低容量電費，節(jie)約用電成(cheng)本，峰(feng)谷價(jia)差(cha)套利(li)。

　　3 相關標準

　　《電(dian)化學儲(chu)能系統(tong)接入電(dian)網技術(shu)規定》GB/T 36547

　　《電化(hua)學(xue)儲能電站設計規范》GB 51048

　　《電化學儲能(neng)電站設計標準(征求意見稿)》

　　《電化學儲(chu)能系統(tong)儲(chu)能變流器技術規范》GB/T 34120

　　《電力儲(chu)能用鋰離子電池》GB/T 36276

　　《儲(chu)能電站監控系統技(ji)術規(gui)范》NB/T 42090

　　《電(dian)(dian)化學儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)站用(yong)鋰離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池技(ji)術規范》NB/T 42091

　　《電(dian)能質量監(jian)測設備(bei)通用要求》GB/T 19862

　　《爆炸危險(xian)環境(jing)電(dian)力(li)裝置設計規(gui)范》GB 50058

　　《繼電保(bao)護和安全自動裝置技術規(gui)程》GB/T 14285

　　《儲能電站用(yong)鋰(li)離子(zi)電池管理(li)系統技(ji)術規范》GB/T 34131

　　《3~110kV高壓配電裝置設計規范》GB 50060

　　《20kV及(ji)以(yi)下變電所設計規(gui)范(fan)》GB 50053

　　《電力系統安全穩(wen)定導則》GB 38755

　　《電力(li)系統安全穩定控(kong)制技術導(dao)則》GB26399

　　《電力(li)系統調度自動(dong)化設計規程》DL/T 5003

　　《電能(neng)量(liang)計(ji)量(liang)系統設計(ji)技術規程》DL/T 5202

　　《電力(li)系統電化學儲能系統通用技術條件》 GB/T 36558

　　4 電化(hua)學儲能(neng)電站分類(lei)

　　在GB 51048-2014《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)設計規范》(以下簡(jian)稱(cheng)規范)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)分類(lei)(lei)可(ke)以分為(wei)鉛酸(鉛炭(tan))電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鋰(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、液(ye)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和多類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等，但是在2022年(nian)(nian)的《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)設計標準(征求意(yi)見(jian)稿(gao))》(以下簡(jian)稱(cheng)標準)中已經(jing)刪除鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，明確為(wei)鉛酸(鉛炭(tan))電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鋰(li)(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和液(ye)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。國家能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)局(ju)綜(zong)合司發布《防(fang)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)生產事故的二(er)十五項重點要求(2022年(nian)(nian)版)(征求意(yi)見(jian)稿(gao))》，提出中大(da)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)得選用(yong)三元鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鈉硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，不(bu)宜選用(yong)梯(ti)次(ci)利(li)用(yong)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。所以中大(da)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)一般可(ke)選擇鉛酸(鉛炭(tan))電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、磷酸鐵鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和全釩液(ye)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

　　另外針(zhen)對(dui)電化(hua)學(xue)儲能(neng)電站的規模分類，規范和標(biao)準也不同。

　　表1 規范和標準對儲能系統規模定義?

　　通過(guo)對比(bi)可以發現，儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)規模(mo)上限定義遠(yuan)超之前的(de)標準(zhun)，這也是(shi)由于近幾年(nian)儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)大規模(mo)發展(zhan)的(de)原因，放寬功率(lv)標準(zhun)，簡化了電(dian)(dian)化學儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)建設要求(qiu)，便于促進(jin)儲(chu)能的(de)進(jin)一步(bu)發展(zhan)。

　　5 儲能系統設(she)計及選型

　　5.1 儲能系統(tong)接入電網電壓等級要求

　　GB 51048《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學儲(chu)(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站設計規范》對(dui)并(bing)(bing)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級要求沒有(you)非常明(ming)確，僅僅是建議大中型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)能系統采用(yong)10kV或(huo)更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級并(bing)(bing)網。在《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學儲(chu)(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站設計標準(zhun)(征求意見稿)》對(dui)接入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級的要求是：小型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站宜(yi)采用(yong)0.4kV~20kV及以(yi)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級;中型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站宜(yi)采用(yong)10kV~110kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級;大型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站宜(yi)采用(yong)220kV及以(yi)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級。

　　GB/T 36547-2018《電(dian)(dian)化學儲(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)技術規(gui)定(ding)(ding)》對不(bu)(bu)同容量的儲(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)并網(wang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級做了詳細的要(yao)求，電(dian)(dian)化學儲(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級應按(an)照儲(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)額定(ding)(ding)功率、接(jie)(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)網(wang)架結構等(deng)(deng)條件確(que)定(ding)(ding)，不(bu)(bu)同額定(ding)(ding)功率儲(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)(tong)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)(deng)級如下表(biao)所示：

　　表2 儲能系統接入電網電壓等級要求?

　　5.2

　　8kW及(ji)以下儲(chu)能系(xi)統

　　8kW及以(yi)下的儲(chu)能系(xi)統一(yi)般用于戶(hu)用的光(guang)(guang)儲(chu)系(xi)統，配合屋頂光(guang)(guang)伏和光(guang)(guang)伏、儲(chu)能一(yi)體式逆(ni)變器，實現戶(hu)用并、離網模式運行。當(dang)不(bu)允(yun)許向電(dian)網輸(shu)送電(dian)能時，通過防逆(ni)流裝置可以(yi)實現光(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)富余時自(zi)動(dong)充電(dian)，至大(da)程度消納綠電(dian)，配電(dian)結構如(ru)圖1所示。戶(hu)用光(guang)(guang)儲(chu)系(xi)統數(shu)據可上(shang)傳云平臺供移動(dong)端查看數(shu)據。

　　圖(tu)1 8kW及以(yi)下(xia)戶(hu)用儲(chu)能光伏一體化系統

　　表3 戶用儲能(neng)管理系(xi)統硬件推薦

　　5.3

　　8kW-1000kW儲(chu)能系統

　　8kW-1000kW儲能系統一般500kW以(yi)(yi)(yi)下采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)380V并(bing)網(wang)，500kW-1000kW根據接入電網(wang)網(wang)架結(jie)構可(ke)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)0.4kV多點(dian)并(bing)網(wang)，也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)6kV-20kV電壓(ya)并(bing)網(wang)。當然(ran)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)6kV-20kV電壓(ya)并(bing)網(wang)需要增加升壓(ya)變(bian)壓(ya)器、中壓(ya)開關(guan)柜等設(she)備，會大(da)大(da)增加儲能系統的成本，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)情況(kuang)允許的情況(kuang)下可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)0.4kV多點(dian)并(bing)網(wang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)減少成本。

　　比如企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)內部(bu)需(xu)要安裝大功(gong)率充(chong)電(dian)樁，但是企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)變壓(ya)器容(rong)量(liang)(liang)不滿足要求的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下可以(yi)安裝光伏、儲能系(xi)統(tong)用于擴展用電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，在(zai)(zai)不更換變壓(ya)器的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，可以(yi)在(zai)(zai)0.4kV母(mu)線(xian)增(zeng)加儲能系(xi)統(tong)并網(wang)。在(zai)(zai)光伏發電(dian)有富余(yu)或者負荷較(jiao)低的(de)(de)谷電(dian)時段(duan)充(chong)電(dian)，負荷高(gao)峰時期放電(dian)，以(yi)小(xiao)的(de)(de)成本(ben)擴展企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)內部(bu)用電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)，這(zhe)種情況(kuang)典型的(de)(de)場景(jing)是城市(shi)快速充(chong)電(dian)站或者需(xu)要變壓(ya)器擴容(rong)的(de)(de)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)，如圖(tu)2所示。通過多組250kW/500kWh分布式儲能柜(ju)并入0.4kV母(mu)線(xian)，這(zhe)樣可以(yi)把企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)內部(bu)配(pei)電(dian)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)一段(duan)時間(jian)內擴展1000kW，滿足企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)用電(dian)擴容(rong)需(xu)要。

　　圖2 8kW-1000kW工商儲(chu)能光伏充電一體化系統

　　通過0.4kV多(duo)點并(bing)網(wang)的儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)中，在10kV產(chan)權(quan)分界(jie)點需(xu)要增加防孤島保護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置和電(dian)能(neng)質量分析(xi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，如果不需(xu)要往電(dian)網(wang)送(song)電(dian)還(huan)需(xu)要安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)逆功率保護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，在低(di)壓側0.4kV安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)電(dian)能(neng)質量治(zhi)理(li)和無功補償裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置等，儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)數據通過智能(neng)網(wang)關(guan)采集后可以上傳至本地管理(li)系統(tong)或者(zhe)云平臺(tai)，實現(xian)企業可靠(kao)、有(you)序用電(dian)，降低(di)用能(neng)成本。

　　在這種模(mo)式(shi)下(xia)，安(an)科瑞電氣可以(yi)(yi)為(wei)1000kW以(yi)(yi)下(xia)儲能(neng)監控系統提供(gong)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)設(she)備，見表4。

　　表(biao)4 1000kW以下儲能監控系統硬(ying)件(jian)推薦

　　5.4 500kW-5000kW儲能系統(tong)

　　500kW-5000kW儲能(neng)系統采(cai)(cai)用(yong)6kV-20kV并(bing)網(wang)，一(yi)般采(cai)(cai)用(yong)電氣(qi)(qi)集(ji)裝箱方式(shi)安裝，分(fen)(fen)為電池艙、電氣(qi)(qi)艙等，也可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)模塊化的分(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)儲能(neng)柜(ju)并(bing)聯匯流后升壓并(bing)網(wang)，組裝方便，安全系數高。

　　圖(tu)3 2MW/4MWh工(gong)商業儲能系(xi)統(tong)示(shi)意圖(tu)

　　現行分(fen)時(shi)電(dian)價政策由于不少地區在冬(dong)夏高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)時(shi)段每(mei)天(tian)會(hui)有2個(ge)尖(jian)峰(feng)(feng)時(shi)段，持續時(shi)間2小時(shi)左右，為了保(bao)證峰(feng)(feng)谷套利(li)收益更大(da)，工(gong)商業儲能系統大(da)多(duo)采用充放(fang)電(dian)倍率0.5C輸出設計。

　　按(an)照GB/T 36547-2018《電(dian)(dian)化學(xue)儲能(neng)系(xi)統接入(ru)電(dian)(dian)網技術規定》要求，儲能(neng)系(xi)統交流側(ce)匯流后(hou)通(tong)過(guo)變壓(ya)器升壓(ya)至(zhi)10kV后(hou)并入(ru)企業內(nei)部配電(dian)(dian)網10kV母(mu)線，儲能(neng)系(xi)統交流側(ce)額定電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可根(gen)據儲能(neng)系(xi)統功率確(que)定，一般可選擇線電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)0.4kV、0.54kV、0.69kV、1.05kV、6.3kV、10.5kV等。

　　儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)系(xi)統(tong)的微機保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)配置要求：儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)電(dian)站應配置防孤島(dao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，非計(ji)劃孤島(dao)時(shi)應在2s動作，將儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)電(dian)站與電(dian)網斷開(kai);通過10(6)kV~35kV(66kV)電(dian)壓等級專線(xian)方式接入(ru)系(xi)統(tong)的儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)電(dian)站宜(yi)配置光纖電(dian)流差動或(huo)方向(xiang)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)作為主保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。

　　關于儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)計量點(dian)的設(she)置：如果(guo)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)采用(yong)(yong)專(zhuan)線接(jie)入公(gong)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)，計量點(dian)應(ying)(ying)設(she)置在公(gong)共連接(jie)點(dian);采用(yong)(yong)T接(jie)方式并(bing)入公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)網(wang)，計量點(dian)應(ying)(ying)設(she)置在儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)出線側;如果(guo)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)(tong)接(jie)入企(qi)業內部電(dian)(dian)網(wang)，計量點(dian)應(ying)(ying)設(she)置在并(bing)網(wang)點(dian)，見圖(tu)3。

　　儲能(neng)單元(yuan)應(ying)具(ju)備絕(jue)緣監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)功(gong)能(neng)，當儲能(neng)單元(yuan)絕(jue)緣低時應(ying)能(neng)發出報(bao)警和(he)/或跳閘信號通知儲能(neng)變(bian)流器及計(ji)算機監(jian)(jian)控系(xi)統，如果(guo)BMS或者PCS具(ju)備絕(jue)緣監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)功(gong)能(neng)的話不需要另外配置絕(jue)緣監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)裝置。

　　通(tong)過10(6)kV接入公(gong)用電(dian)網的(de)儲能(neng)系統電(dian)能(neng)質量宜滿足GB/T19862要求(qiu)的(de)電(dian)能(neng)質量監測裝(zhuang)置，當儲能(neng)系統的(de)電(dian)能(neng)質量指標不滿足要求(qiu)時，應安(an)裝(zhuang)電(dian)能(neng)質量治理設備。

　　在5000kW以(yi)下儲(chu)能系統中，安科瑞提供的二(er)次設(she)備(bei)推(tui)薦如表5所示(shi)。

　　表5 5000kW以下儲能(neng)監控系統(tong)硬件(jian)推(tui)薦

　　5.5 5000kW以上儲能(neng)系統(tong)

　　5000kW以上規模的儲(chu)能系統(tong)(tong)根據功(gong)率(lv)大小可(ke)采用35kV、110kV或者220kV并(bing)(bing)網，一般(ban)采用2MWh~4MWh左右(you)的儲(chu)能單(dan)元(yuan)作為(wei)一個基礎單(dan)元(yuan)，集成安裝(zhuang)在一個40英尺集裝(zhuang)箱。和儲(chu)能單(dan)元(yuan)配(pei)套(tao)的系統(tong)(tong)還(huan)包(bao)括三級電池管理(li)系統(tong)(tong)(BMS)、消防系統(tong)(tong)、空調(diao)系統(tong)(tong)、視頻監(jian)(jian)控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)、環境監(jian)(jian)控(kong)系統(tong)(tong)、能量管理(li)系統(tong)(tong)(EMS)，每個電池艙還(huan)包(bao)括電池柜、控(kong)制柜(BMS)和匯流(liu)柜等。也可(ke)采用模塊化的分(fen)布式儲(chu)能柜并(bing)(bing)聯匯流(liu)后升壓并(bing)(bing)網，組裝(zhuang)較為(wei)方便，安全(quan)系數較高(gao)，但是相對成本偏(pian)高(gao)。

　　圖(tu)4 中大型儲能電站(zhan)電氣(qi)布局示意圖(tu)

　　通(tong)(tong)過110kV及(ji)以上電壓等級專線方式接(jie)入系統(tong)的(de)儲能(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)應配(pei)置(zhi)光(guang)纖電流差動保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)作為(wei)主(zhu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu);通(tong)(tong)過10(6)kV~35kV(66kV)電壓等級專線方式接(jie)入系統(tong)的(de)儲能(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)宜配(pei)置(zhi)光(guang)纖電流差動或方向保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)作為(wei)主(zhu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu);大(da)型儲能(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)(100MW以上)應配(pei)置(zhi)專用(yong)故障錄波裝置(zhi)。

　　儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)高壓側接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)型(xing)式可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)(dan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)、單(dan)(dan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)段(duan)(duan)等簡單(dan)(dan)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)形(xing)式。當電化(hua)學儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)經(jing)雙(shuang)回(hui)路接(jie)入系統時，宜采(cai)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)(dan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)段(duan)(duan)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，并宜符合下列(lie)要求(qiu)：小型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)線(xian)(xian)(xian)變組、單(dan)(dan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)等;中型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)(dan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)或單(dan)(dan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)段(duan)(duan)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)等;大型(xing)儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)(dan)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)分(fen)段(duan)(duan)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)、雙(shuang)母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)等，儲(chu)(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電站(zhan)(zhan)35kV及(ji)以上電壓等級的母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)宜設置母(mu)(mu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)護。

　　圖(tu)5 中(zhong)大型(xing)儲能電(dian)站(zhan)電(dian)氣接(jie)線(xian)示意圖(tu)

　　接(jie)(jie)入(ru)公(gong)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學儲能(neng)站(zhan)(zhan)應(ying)在并網(wang)點(dian)配置(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)裝置(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)具備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)功能(neng)。10(6)kV及以上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級接(jie)(jie)入(ru)公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)宜配置(zhi)(zhi)滿足(zu)現行國家標(biao)準《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)設(she)備通(tong)用要(yao)求》GB/T 19862要(yao)求的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)裝置(zhi)(zhi)，當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)指標(biao)不滿足(zu)要(yao)求時，應(ying)安裝電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)質(zhi)量(liang)治理設(she)備。

　　表6 5000kW以上儲能監(jian)控系統硬件(jian)推薦

　　6 儲能(neng)工程電能(neng)管理系統

　　Acrel-2000MG儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)理(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統和(he)AcrelEMS能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理(li)(li)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠對(dui)企(qi)業(ye)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的源(yuan)(yuan)(市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、分布式光伏、微型(xing)風(feng)機)、網(wang)(wang)(企(qi)業(ye)內部配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang))、荷(he)(he)(he)(固定(ding)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)和(he)可調負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he))、儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統、新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)汽(qi)車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)進行(xing)實(shi)時(shi)監(jian)測和(he)優化(hua)控制，保護微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統運(yun)(yun)行(xing)安(an)全，實(shi)現不同目標(biao)下源(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)(wang)荷(he)(he)(he)儲(chu)資源(yuan)(yuan)之間的靈活互(hu)動(dong)，增加(jia)多策略(lve)控制下系(xi)(xi)統的穩定(ding)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)。同時(shi)促(cu)進新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)消納、合理(li)(li)削峰填(tian)谷(gu)，減少電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)建設投(tou)資，提升微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)安(an)全，降低運(yun)(yun)行(xing)成本。Acrel-2000MG儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)管(guan)理(li)(li)系(xi)(xi)統適(shi)合部署在本地，作為實(shi)時(shi)監(jian)控、異常告(gao)警和(he)策略(lve)管(guan)理(li)(li);AcrelEMS能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)管(guan)理(li)(li)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)適(shi)用于企(qi)業(ye)源(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)(wang)荷(he)(he)(he)儲(chu)充(chong)(chong)運(yun)(yun)維的一體化(hua)管(guan)理(li)(li)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)，并提供(gong)移(yi)動(dong)端數據(ju)服務和(he)異常告(gao)警。

　　6.1 數據展示

　　展示儲能(neng)的(de)容量信息、收(shou)益、充放電量及電壓、電流、及充放電功(gong)率的(de)變(bian)化(hua)曲(qu)線等(deng)。

　　圖6 儲能系統數據展示(shi)

　　6.2 異常報警

　　儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)電(dian)能(neng)管理(li)系統(tong)應具有事(shi)(shi)故報(bao)警(jing)(jing)和預(yu)告報(bao)警(jing)(jing)功能(neng)。事(shi)(shi)故報(bao)警(jing)(jing)包(bao)括(kuo)非正常操作(zuo)引(yin)起的(de)斷(duan)路器跳閘(zha)和保(bao)(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置動(dong)作(zuo)信(xin)號(hao);預(yu)告報(bao)警(jing)(jing)包(bao)括(kuo)一般設備變(bian)位(wei)、狀態(tai)異常信(xin)息或電(dian)芯(xin)過壓(ya)(ya)、電(dian)芯(xin)欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)、溫度異常、電(dian)池(chi)簇(cu)過壓(ya)(ya)告警(jing)(jing)、電(dian)池(chi)簇(cu)欠(qian)壓(ya)(ya)告警(jing)(jing)等，保(bao)(bao)障儲(chu)能(neng)系統(tong)運行安全。

　　圖7 儲能系統告警記錄

　　6.3 實時監控

　　儲(chu)能BMS監測電芯(xin)、電池模組、電池簇的電壓、電流、溫度、SOC及(ji)越限電芯(xin)位置等(deng)，并針對越限信息進行告警，儲(chu)能變流器交直流側運行監控、充放電指令下發、參(can)數(shu)限值設定(ding)等(deng)。

　　圖8 儲能系統(tong)實時監控

　　6.4 光伏運行監控

　　監測企業分布式光伏(fu)電站運(yun)(yun)行情況，包(bao)括逆變器(qi)運(yun)(yun)行數(shu)據、光伏(fu)發電效(xiao)率(lv)分析(xi)、發電量及(ji)收(shou)益(yi)統(tong)計以(yi)及(ji)光伏(fu)發電功率(lv)控制。

　　圖(tu)9 光伏運(yun)行監測

　　6.5 電能質量監測

　　監測微電(dian)網重要回(hui)路的電(dian)壓波動與(yu)(yu)閃(shan)變、電(dian)壓暫(zan)升/暫(zan)降、短時(shi)中斷情況(kuang)，實時(shi)記錄(lu)事(shi)件并故障錄(lu)波，為電(dian)能質量分析與(yu)(yu)治理(li)提(ti)供數據(ju)來(lai)源(yuan)。及時(shi)采取相應的措(cuo)施提(ti)高(gao)配電(dian)系統的可(ke)靠性，減少因(yin)諧(xie)波造成的供電(dian)事(shi)故的發生。

　　圖10 電能質量監測

　　6.6 AcrelEMS能源管理平(ping)臺

　　AcrelEMS能源管理平臺(tai)通(tong)過先(xian)進的(de)控(kong)制、計量、通(tong)信等(deng)技(ji)術(shu)，將分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源、儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)、可控(kong)負(fu)荷、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車、電(dian)(dian)(dian)能路由(you)器聚合在一起;平臺(tai)根據新的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)價格(ge)、用電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷、電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)調度指令等(deng)情(qing)況，靈(ling)活調整微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)控(kong)制策略(lve)并下(xia)發給儲(chu)(chu)能系(xi)統(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁、電(dian)(dian)(dian)能路由(you)器等(deng)系(xi)統(tong)，保(bao)障企業微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)穩定(ding)運行，并提供移動端數據服務(wu)。

  

　　圖11 AcrelEMS能源管理平臺及APP展示?